Research by Ralph Walkling, Ph.D., director of the Center for Corporate Governance at Drexel LeBow, is referenced in the Wall Street Journal article "A Chance to Veto a CEO's Bonus." Walkling has found that voting against directors may discourage them from acting like rubber stamps. Each 1 percent increase in "no" votes knocks up to $222,000 off the excess compensation of the chief executive officer the next year—and even raises the odds that the CEO will be replaced, his research suggests.